NAME Feature::Compat::Class - make class syntax available SYNOPSIS use Feature::Compat::Class; class Point { field $x :param :reader = 0; field $y :param :reader = 0; method move_to ($new_x, $new_y) { $x = $new_x; $y = $new_y; } method describe { say "A point at ($x, $y)"; } } Point->new(x => 5, y => 10)->describe; DESCRIPTION This module provides the new class keyword and related others (method, field and ADJUST) in a forward-compatible way. Perl added such syntax at version 5.38.0, which is enabled by use feature 'class'; This syntax was further expanded in 5.40, adding the __CLASS__ keyword and :reader attribute on fields. On that version of perl or later, this module simply enables the core feature equivalent of using it directly. On such perls, this module will install with no non-core dependencies, and requires no C compiler. On older versions of perl before such syntax is availble in core, it is currently provided instead using the Object::Pad module, imported with a special set of options to configure it to only recognise the same syntax as the core perl feature, thus ensuring any code using it will still continue to function on that newer perl. This module is a work-in-progress, because the underlying feature 'class' is too. Many of the limitations and inabilities listed below are a result of the early-access nature of this branch, and are expected to be lifted as work progresses towards a more featureful and complete implementation. KEYWORDS The keywords provided by this module offer a subset of the abilities of those provided by Object::Pad, restricted to specifically only what is commonly supported by the core syntax as well. In general, the reader should first consult the documentation for the corresponding Object::Pad keyword, but the following notes may be of interest: class class NAME { ... } class NAME VERSION { ... } class NAME; ... class NAME VERSION; ... See also "class" in Object::Pad. There is no ability to declare any roles with :does. The legacy subkeywords for these are equally not supported. The :repr attribute is also not supported; the default representation type will always be selected. The :strict(params) attribute is not available, but all constructed classes will behave as if the attribute had been declared. Every generated constructor will check its parameters for key names left unhandled by ADJUST blocks, and throw an exception if any remain. The following class attributes are supported: :isa :isa(CLASS) :isa(CLASS CLASSVER) Since version 0.02. Declares a superclass that this class extends. At most one superclass is supported. If the package providing the superclass does not exist, an attempt is made to load it by code equivalent to require CLASS (); and thus it must either already exist, or be locatable via the usual @INC mechanisms. An optional version check can also be supplied; it performs the equivalent of BaseClass->VERSION( $ver ) Note that class blocks do not implicitly enable the strict and warnings pragmata; either when using the core feature or Object::Pad. This is to avoid surprises when eventually switching to purely using the core perl feature, which will not do that. Remember however that a use VERSION of a version v5.36 or above will enable both these pragmata anyway, so that will be sufficient. method method NAME { ... } method NAME; See also "method" in Object::Pad. Attributes are not supported, other than the usual ones provided by perl itself. Of these, only :lvalue is particularly useful. Lexical methods are not supported. field field $NAME; field @NAME; field %NAME; field $NAME = EXPR; field $NAME :ATTRS... = EXPR; See also "field" in Object::Pad. Most field attributes are not supported. In particular, rather than using the accessor-generator attributes you will have to create accessor methods yourself; such as field $var; method var { return $var; } method set_var ($new_var) { $var = $new_var; } Since version 0.04 fields of any type may take initialising expressions. Initialiser blocks are not supported. field $five = 5; Since version 0.07 field initialiser expressions can see earlier fields that have already been declared, and use their values: field $fullname :param; field $shortname :param = ( split m/ +/, $fullname )[0]; The following field attributes are supported: :param field $var :param; field $var :param(name) Since version 0.04. Declares that the constructor will take a named parameter to set the value for this field in a new instance. field $var :param = EXPR; Without a defaulting expression, the parameter is mandatory. When combined with a defaulting expression, the parameter is optional and the default will only apply if the named parameter was not passed to the constructor. field $var :param //= EXPR; field $var :param ||= EXPR; With both the :param attribute and a defaulting expression, the operator can also be written as //= or ||=. In this case, the defaulting expression will be used even if the caller passed an undefined value (for //=) or a false value (for ||=). This simplifies many situations where undef would not be a valid value for a field parameter. class C { field $timeout :param //= 20; } C->new( timeout => $args{timeout} ); # default applies if %args has no 'timeout' key, or if its value is undef :reader, :reader(NAME) Since version 0.07. Generates a reader method to return the current value of the field. If no name is given, the name of the field is used. A single prefix character _ will be removed if present. field $x :reader; # equivalent to field $x; method x { return $x } These are permitted on an field type, not just scalars. The reader method behaves identically to how a lexical variable would behave in the same context; namely returning a list of values from an array or key/value pairs from a hash when in list context, or the number of items or keys when in scalar context. field @items :reader; foreach my $item ( $obj->items ) { ... } # iterates the list of items my $count = $obj->items; # yields count of items ADJUST ADJUST { ... } See also "ADJUST" in Object::Pad. Attributes are not supported; in particular the :params attribute of Object::Pad v0.70. __CLASS__ my $classname = __CLASS__; Since version 0.07. Only valid within the body (or signature) of a method, an ADJUST block, or the initialising expression of a field. Yields the class name of the instance that the method, block or expression is invoked on. This is similar to the core perl __PACKAGE__ constant, except that it cares about the dynamic class of the actual instance, not the static class the code belongs to. When invoked by a subclass instance that inherited code from its superclass it yields the name of the class of the instance regardless of which class defined the code. For example, class BaseClass { ADJUST { say "Constructing an instance of " . __CLASS__; } } class DerivedClass :isa(BaseClass) { } my $obj = DerivedClass->new; Will produce the following output Constructing an instance of DerivedClass This is particularly useful in field initialisers for invoking (constant) methods on the invoking class to provide default values for fields. This way a subclass could provide a different value. class Timer { use constant DEFAULT_DURATION => 60; field $duration = __CLASS__->DEFAULT_DURATION; } class ThreeMinuteTimer :isa(Timer) { use constant DEFAULT_DURATION => 3 * 60; } Other Keywords The following other keywords provided by Object::Pad are not supported here at all: role BUILD, ADJUSTPARAMS has requires COMPATIBILITY NOTES This module may use either Object::Pad or the perl core class feature to implement its syntax. While the two behave very similarly and both conform to the description given above, the following differences should be noted. No known issues at this time AUTHOR Paul Evans <leonerd@leonerd.org.uk>